Glossary of Insurance Terms
The definitions appearing in this glossary are provided solely for general informational purposes. In the case of any inconsistency between the definitions in this glossary and the definitions appearing on your actual policy, the definitions contained in your actual policy shall take precedence.
A
Accident
- An unusual, fortuitous, unexpected or unforeseen event or occurrence.
- A mishap that is not expected or designed.
Accident and Health (Sickness) Insurance
A form of insurance compensating an individual for loss as a result of an accident or illness. It may pay certain or all expenses for medical and similar services and a weekly or monthly indemnity for loss of income. The amounts and items covered vary from policy to policy and depend to some extent on what coverage is purchased by the insured.
Act of God
A direct, violent, sudden act of nature that could not have been foreseen, or if foreseen, its effect could not have been prevented, e.g. flood, earthquake.
Actual Cash Value
The fair market value of property, taking into account factors that might augment or reduce the value of the property in question.
Additional Living Expense Insurance
Coverage applicable when an insured's dwelling is damaged by an insured peril to such an extent that one cannot live in it until repaired. This insurance pays the extra amount it costs to live elsewhere until repairs are made, such as the cost of living in a hotel.
Agent
- A person who is employed to act on behalf of another.
- An insurance agent is one who contracts with one or more insurance companies to sell their insurance policies to the public and is paid a commission on or receives compensation for such business. See also Broker.
All Risk Policy
A name given to an insurance policy which covers against the loss caused by all perils except those which are specifically excluded by the terms of the policy. Frequently, a policy of insurance is written to insure damage to property caused by specific "named perils," which are listed on the policy. However, policies may be issued in certain cases to insure against "all risks of loss or damage " and are then called "all risk" policies. The term excludes insurance against certain hazards.
Amount of Insurance
The limit of payment for which an insurer is liable under a policy.
Applicant
The person or firm requesting insurance.
Application
A request for insurance. This may be done verbally, in writing, or by using a printed form.
Appraisal
A valuation or an estimation of the value of property, usually done by an expert in that field who has no personal interest in the property.
Appraisal Clause
A clause in an insurance policy that gives the insurer the right to demand an appraisal on the damaged property. It gives both the insurer and the insured a means of settling disputes over the value of lost or damaged property.
Appraiser
Person who because of special knowledge is vested with authority in determining the real value of property or damage.
Appurtenances
That which belongs to something else, e.g. appurtenances of automobile. The term "appurtenances" means that one thing belongs to another thing; that the two will remain in relationship, and will pass with the ownership.
Arbitration
Reference of a dispute to one or more impartial persons chosen by the parties to the dispute to determine their rights and/or obligations. The parties agree in advance to abide by the arbitration. Each party has a chance to be heard.
Arson
At common law, the deliberate and intentional burning of property by its owner or by another person.
Attest
- The witnessing of signatures. Where a document is signed a witness who has seen the document signed before him may "attest" that the signatures on the document are genuine.
- Audited financial statements are said to be "Attested," i.e. the auditor attests the corporation's representations.
Audit
- An examination of evidential matters to determine the reliability of a record or assertion.
- In connection with financial statements a review of the accounting records and other supporting evidence of an individual or an organization to assess the reasonableness of the statements as presented (not a guarantee of accuracy).
Automatic Reinstatement
After a claim has been paid or the property restored, most policies automatically return the stated limit of insurance to its original amount.
Automobile Insurance
Insurance coverage that provides indemnity and/or compensation for injury or physical damage which ensues from the ownership, use or operation of an automobile.
B
Bailee
In contract and property law one to whom goods or property are entrusted for a stated purpose. Can be either gratuitous (for no consideration) or for hire (for consideration).
Bailment
The act of placing goods in the possession of a bailee.
Bailor
A person entrusting goods to another.
Balance Sheet
Financial statement showing assets, liabilities and equity of a company.
Basic Premium
A starting charge made to which is added to the premium developed by the application of rates as directed.
Betterment
Physical improvements beyond mere maintenance or repairs that augment the value of a property.
Binder
A written or oral agreement given by an insurer to insure a risk, pending the issue of a policy. A binder is deemed to be the policy and must be cancelled in the same manner.
Blanket Crime Policy
An individual policy covering several crime perils on a single amount rather than on individual limits.
Blanket Policy (Insurance)
Insurance on two or more items or locations in one aggregate sum insured without separate amounts for each item.
Boiler and Machinery Insurance
Coverage that indemnifies in the event of loss with respect to and arising from the ownership, use and operation of boilers, pressure vessels and machinery.
Brick Veneer Construction
Frame construction with a single course of brick as an outside covering.
Broker
An independent person or firm who acts on behalf of the insured in placing business with insurance companies.
Builders Risk Insurance
Insurance coverage on property under construction including loss to buildings or ships, including machinery and equipment, under course of construction, and materials incidental to construction.
Building Codes
Rules and regulations of governmental bodies defining standards that construction in that jurisdiction must meet.
Burglar Alarms
Devices of various types which give warning of entry into premises by unauthorized persons.
Burglary
Unlawful removal of property from premises involving visible forcible entry.
Burglary Insurance
Insurance against loss of property caused by burglars.
Business Insurance
A form of insurance to protect a business against the loss of services of a key employee or employees. Usually accident and sickness, however, life insurance may also form part of the package. Also called Partnership Insurance or Corporation Insurance.
Business Interruption Insurance
Various types of insurance against business expenses and loss of income resulting from a fire or other insured peril.
By-law
A law or ordinance dealing with matters of local or internal regulation made by a local authority or by a corporation or association.
By-law Endorsement
An endorsement explaining how a particular insurance company deals with a claim which is affected by a local by-law.
C
Care, Custody and Control
A term used primarily in liability coverages which refers to property belonging to another but which is legally in the insured's possession or under his control.
Cargo
Goods being transported, such as the load of a truck or the goods being carried by a ship. The cargo of a ship does not include the equipment needed to operate the ship.
Cash Surrender Value
When an insured wishes to cancel a life insurance policy before the full term, the policy may have a cash value which is stipulated in the policy. The longer the policy is in force, the higher the cash value is likely to be. It is a sum paid back by the life insurance company to the insured when an insured requests the termination of the policy.
Casualty Insurance
Loosely used to describe an area of insurance not particularly or directly concerned with life insurance, fire insurance or automobile insurance. Most frequently refers to liability, burglary and plate glass insurance but may include Fidelity and Surety.
Cede
An insurer cedes part of a risk to a reinsurer when it transfers or reinsures part of the risk.
Certified Copy
A reproduction of a document, which the authority having custody of the original signs and attests as a true, genuine and authentic copy.
Canadian Chartered Insurance Broker (C.C.I.B.)
A professional designation earned by examination following study courses.
Chartered Insurance Professional (C.I.P.)
A professional designation (Canada) earned by the successful completion of several educational requirements as designated by the Insurance Institute of Canada.
Civil Code
- The civil law of the Province of Quebec.
- The reduction of law to a set of rules. In some countries for example, France, most of the laws of the country were at one time reduced to a set of rules after the style of the Roman Code although these too have subsequently been subject to certain new statutes. In some jurisdictions, certain sections of the law are reduced and simplified to a "Civil Code".
Civil Commotion
Disturbance involving a large number of individuals. An uprising of people creating a prolonged disturbance.
Claim
Strictly speaking, a claim is the exercising of the right of an insured to be indemnified by his insurance company for damage suffered. It is frequently used, however, to indicate the amount of the claim.
In practice, it is any notification of a possible loss under an insurance policy whether any payment is likely to follow or not.
For every claim that is reported, the insurance company must set aside reserves equal to the figure which it is anticipated the claim will cost.
Claimant
One who makes a claim.
Claims Examiner
An employee of an insurer who handles and is responsible for incoming claims.
Claims Made Basis
Provision under some insurance and reinsurance contracts covering only claims made during term of the contract.
Clause
Words in a policy which describe certain specifications, limitations or modifications.
Co-insurance Clause
A clause in an insurance policy requiring an insured to carry a certain percentage, usually 80, 90 or 100 per cent of insurance in relation to the value of the property insured. If the insured fails to do this, then he agrees to be a self-insurer of all losses large or small in the same ratio as his failure to comply with the percentage required, is related to the insurance required. For example, a building valued at $100,000 with an 80 per cent co-insurance clause would require insurance coverage of $80,000. If coverage is carried for only $40,000 then the insured is a self-insurer or co-insurer for $40,000 of the $80,000, and the insurance company would be responsible for the same amount. This ratio would apply even if a loss were only $5,000. Then the insurance company would pay $2,500 and the balance or co-insurance penalty of $2,500 would be borne by the insured.
Co-insurer
Two or more persons or companies who may be sharing a loss. A company whose policy covers the same risk as that of one or more other companies is a co-insurer whether the policies are written separately or together.
Collapse
Falling in of a building.
Collision
A vehicle or ship collides when it strikes another object or another vehicle or ship. Collision insurance insures against loss so caused.
Collusion
A secret agreement between persons to defraud another, e.g. an insured driver of an automobile and his passenger may misrepresent the facts of an accident in order to have monies paid to the passenger under the insured's automobile insurance policy.
Commercial Property Floater
Property used in a business which requires it to be moved from place to place may be insured on one of the forms of commercial property floaters. A television studio, for example, may require insurance on their equipment even though it may be out of the regular studio much of the time. In most instances, these are written on special forms suited to the particular need, such as contractor's equipment floater, inland marine block policy, jeweller's block policy, salesman's floater policy, etc.
Common Carrier
One who offers to transport merchandise for hire and must accept shipments from anyone who wishes to use the services. Different laws and rules govern common carriers than do private or contract carriers who only transport goods of those with whom they have made agreements.
Common Law
American, Canadian and British law derives its force and authority from the universal consent and practice of the people over the years. Certain aspects of the law are written into statutes. The underlying principles and usages and rules of action which do not rest for their authority on this statutory or legislative law are to be found in principles set forth by decisions of the Courts over the years.
Many rules were promulgated in feudal times. During the reign of Henry II (beginning 1154 AD) the King's Courts became organized and common law began to evolve. The Courts met frequently and when one Court made a decision in connection with a certain issue, that decision was followed by the other Courts and became the law unless modified by statute or by gradual evolution.
Comprehensive General Liability Policy
A policy particularly suited to a manufacturer, contractor or large wholesaler or retailer providing broad coverage for claims made against him for bodily injury or damage to property of others for which he may become liable and which arise out of his entire business operation.
Comprehensive Personal Liability
A form of liability insurance for individuals which insures the policyholder in the event he has become liable to pay money for damage or injury he has caused to others. This form does not include automobile liability, but does cover almost every activity of the policyholder except those which arise from the operation of a business. Hence "personal" liability.
Conditions
The general terms or requirements upon which the insurance is based. For the mutual understanding of the parties the conditions will commonly state such matters as how the policy can be cancelled or renewed, provisions with respect to change of the insured's interest, provisions as to what an insured should do in the event of a loss, and conditions as to what he should do subsequent to a loss etc.
A condition precedent is one that must be fulfilled prior to the general fact at stake. The insured, for example, is required to give notice of a claim and fulfill certain other obligations as a condition precedent to his receiving a settlement.
A condition subsequent is one which is applicable subsequent to the event, as for example, the insured is required to co-operate in the disposition of the claim and to cooperate, other than in a monetary way, to assist to recover from anyone who is responsible for the loss.
Conditions of the Contract
Articles in a contract which define or describe terms, the responsibilities of owner and contractor, performance and payment schedules and the like.
Condominium
Is the individual ownership of a single unit in a multiple unit building or group of buildings, together with a percentage interest in that part of the total property owned jointly by all unit owners. In an apartment building, each apartment would be a unit and the stairways, pathways and parking areas would be in common ownership. Condominium property requires special insurance treatment.
Consequential Loss
The word "consequential" means something following as an effect or result. It is an indirect result of the occurrence that causes the loss.
The difference between a direct loss and a consequential loss can be seen in the destruction of a power station by wind. The damage to the power station is a direct loss by wind. There is actual physical damage directly resulting. The destruction of the power station also interrupts the generation of power by the station. For example, a cold storage plant is without electrical power. Foodstuffs spoil as a result or as a consequence. This is a consequential loss, not a direct loss.
Consideration
The inducement to a contract; the cause, motive or price which induces a contracting party to enter into an agreement, act or forbearance or promise thereof. It is an essential part of a binding contract. Consideration is either expressed or implied.
The money, or whatever is being used in substitution of money, paid for the article or contract is "the consideration".
Constructive Total Loss
A partial loss but where the damage is so extensive that repairs would cost as much or more than the repaired property would be worth, or the limit of insurance.
Contract
An agreement made between two or more persons that is intended to be enforceable at law, and is constituted by the acceptance by one party of an offer made to him by the other party, to do or to abstain from doing some act. The offer and acceptance may either be expressed or inferred by indication in the conduct of the parties.
Contract Documents
Agreement, addenda, supporting documents, general conditions, supplementary conditions, specifications and drawings, and modifications to an agreement.
Contractor's Liability Insurance
Insurance protecting contractor from defined liability claims arising from contractor's operations.
Contractual Liability
Liability assumed by a contract either written or implied. Legal liability policies are based upon liability in tort or negligence and have very little coverage normally for contractual liability (with a possible exception of such matters as sidetrack agreements, etc.) However, contractual liability may be covered in many instances as an additional risk with an additional premium.
Contributory Negligence
Many accidents are the fault of both parties who are involved in the occurrence. The plaintiff who sues another party for damages also may be guilty of some negligence, which is a concurrent cause of the damage. Such a party is guilty of contributory negligence.
Cover
To protect with insurance, or the insurance protection provided.
Coverage
The nature of protection afforded by a particular policy. Can be used at times interchangeably with "insurance" or "protection" as "fire protection" or "fire insurance".
Credit Report
A report provided by a commercial credit reporting company which provides details on the reputation and financial strength of an individual or corporation.
Custody
Immediate control that an authority exercises over property or people.
D
Daily Report
Copy of the policy or bond for company or agency records. This term may also include all correspondence, notes, inspection reports, credit reports, etc. pertaining to the policy.
Data Processing (Equipment Insurance)
A special insurance usually on an all risks basis. Covers physical loss and loss from business interruption if the damage necessitates shutdown of operations.
Debris Removal
A provision in an insurance policy most commonly found in fire insurance providing indemnification for the cost of removal of the debris after a fire.
Declaration
Statement, signed by the insured, warranting that information given by him is true.
Decline
To refuse acceptance of an insurance application.
Deductible
An agreed specified sum to be deducted from the amount of loss and assumed by the insured.
Deductible Clause
A clause defining the amount of loss for which insured is liable; defines the insurer’s and insured's contributions to cover losses.
Depreciation
Reduction in value of property through use, aging, deterioration and obsolescence.
Direct Billing
A system for the collection of premiums whereby the insurance company "directly bills" the insured for the premium in lieu of the conventional collection of premiums by the agent or broker. The insurer sends a statement to the agent, usually monthly, recording the premiums collected directly, and credits the agent with the commission on those items.
Directors and Officers Liability Insurance
Protection for officers and directors of a corporation against damages resulting from negligent or wrongful acts in the course of their duties. Also covers the corporation for expenses incurred in defending lawsuits arising from alleged wrongful acts of officers or directors. These policies always require the insured to retain part of the risk uninsured.
Disability
Inability to carry on in one's normal occupation due to accident or sickness.
Disclosure
Act of making known something known.
Driver Training Credit
To encourage driver education courses at schools and colleges, many insurers grant premium rebates for private passenger automobile insurance to applicants who have successfully completed an approved training program.
Dwelling
The living quarters occupied, or intended for occupancy, by a household.
E
Earned Premium
- That portion of premium earned or charged for the period of time a policy remained effective. For example, an annual policy paid for in advance would be one twelfth "earned" at the end of the first full month of its term.
- An amount calculated by taking earned premium reserve at beginning of period plus premium written during period, less unearned premium reserve at end of period.
- Premium actually exposed to loss.
Earthquake Insurance
Insurance against damage by earthquake.
Effective Date
The date of inception of an insurance policy, or the date additional coverages become effective.
Employer's Liability Insurance
Coverage for legal liability imposed on an employer to pay damages to an employee who has been injured by the employer's negligence. This is not Worker's Compensation Insurance, where special acts of legislature set out specifically the relationship between the employer and employees in certain circumstances and formula by which awards in each case are computed.
Encumbrance
Mortgage, lien or other charge against a property.
Endorsement
An amendment added to a written document altering its provisions, particularly an agreement between parties.
Equipment
Material for use on one machine, one vehicle, one unit. For example, a car comes "equipped" with five tires. Tires other than those on the car are not "equipment" of the car. They are instead the dealer's "stock of tires." Equipment also includes contractor's equipment, e.g. backhoe, bulldozer.
Estate
- In law, one of the various interests in land.
- The net worth of an individual's worldly goods.
Estimate (Bid Function)
Costs a contractor anticipates for a project.
Estimated Premium
A tentative premium set in the anticipation of being approximately correct but which may be increased or decreased when the final premium calculation is made.
Estoppel
A bar created when someone by his action or lack of it indicates that he will not exercise a right he has. He stops himself from exercising his right later, e.g. if A owns a pen and stands by and watches B sell the pen to C, as if the pen belonged to B, then A cannot later reclaim the pen, arguing that it was his.
Exclusion
Risks, perils or properties defined in the policy as not covered.
Experience
Comparison of premiums earned with claims incurred for: a) an individual insured b) group of insureds c) class of coverage.
Expiry
End of the policy period.
Explosion
A rupture of a pressure vessel of some kind due to excessive internal pressure (usually accompanied by a loud noise).
Exposure
The hazard threatening a risk because of external or internal physical conditions.
Extended Coverage Insurance
An endorsement that enlarges the coverage afforded by the primary policy. Coverages such as windstorm, hail, smoke and riot are extended coverages on a fire policy.
Extra Expense Insurance
A form of insurance policy covering the extra expense of an insured in carrying on a business following a loss by an insured peril.
F
Face Brick
Brick, chosen for its visual rather than its structural characteristics, used on wall's exposed surface.
Face of Policy
The front of the policy on which normally the name of the insurance company, the name of the insured, the amount of insurance and the type of insurance appear, among many other items.
Fair Market Value
Price at which a buyer and seller, under no compulsion to buy or sell, will trade.
Fellow, Chartered Insurance Professional (F.C.I.P.)
A professional designation awarded to a Chartered Insurance Professional (C.I.P.) after the successful completion of several additional university level educational requirements, as designated by the Insurance Institute of Canada.
Fire Damage
Damage caused by fire.
Fire Department Service Clause
A provision in a fire insurance policy agreeing to pay the cost of bringing a fire department to the location of the property insured in the event of a fire. It is valuable where the insured's property is not in a built-up area with its own fire department or where the risk is sufficiently large to require additional fire department services.
Fire Insurance
Coverage for losses from fire and lightning and also the resultant damage caused by smoke and water. Usually supplemented by Extended Coverage Insurance. See definition.
Fire Marshall
A public official involved in fire prevention and in investigation of fires, particularly where arson is suspected.
Fire Resistant
A fire resistant building or article is generally designed to resist certain higher heat temperatures for a certain period of time. It has a lesser degree of resistance to fire and ranks slightly more hazardous than "fireproof".
Fixed Assets
Tangible long-term assets such as land, building, furniture, fixtures, machinery, equipment, etc. held for use rather than for sale.
Fixtures
Anything that is attached to real property is known as a "fixture". Fixtures when permanently attached to real property become part of the real property. Tenant's fixtures are fixtures of a removable nature and are the responsibility of the tenant for insurance purposes. Whether a fixture is a tenant's fixture and movable or a landlord's fixture and immovable is frequently determined by the purpose of the fixture.
Flat Cancellation
The cancellation of a policy as of the effective date with all paid premium refunded.
Fleet Policy
In automobile insurance, this is a policy insuring a number of cars for one owner. In marine insurance, a policy insuring a number of ships for one owner.
Floater Policy
A policy covering the same risk at a number of perhaps unspecified locations, possibly over a wide area (even world-wide); usually includes goods being frequently moved from one location to another, e.g., Fur Floater, Jewellery Floater, Contractor's Equipment Floater, etc.
Forgery
- The illegal signing of another's name to a document, such as a cheque.
- Falsely making or altering a written instrument.
Frame
Refers to the construction of a building built of lumber.
Fraud
- Methods used to deceive to cause unwarranted favourable decision for one's own benefit.
- Deliberate misrepresentation or misstatement.
- Concealment of facts which should be made known at the time.
Fraudulent
Dishonest; based on or obtained by fraud.
Fraudulent Misrepresentation
A false statement made knowing it to be false and intending another to act on it to his detriment, or made carelessly or recklessly without regard to whether it is true or false.
In insurance it is most frequently found in the intentional misrepresentation of a risk to obtain insurance or in proof of loss after the loss occurs.
Free on Board (F.O.B.)
When goods are shipped F.O.B., the shipper is responsible only until the goods have been placed on board the vessel or freight car or truck or other means of transport. After that the risk belongs to the consignee.
Friendly Fire
A fire confined to the place it is supposed to be, e.g. in the fireplace; in the incinerator. See Hostile Fire.
G
Glass Insurance
Insurance against the breakage of glass. The coverage is usually extended to certain other incidental expenses associated therewith.
Good Faith
Most ordinary contracts are good faith contracts. Insurance contracts are agreements made in the utmost good faith. This implies a standard of honesty greater than that usually required in most ordinary commercial contracts.
Gross Negligence
The degree of negligence somewhat greater than ordinary negligence. It may be reckless wanton and willful misconduct causing bodily injury and/or property damage.
Guiding Principles
A loss may be covered by more than one policy. One policy may have a co-insurance clause and the other may not. How any loss in such circumstances should be apportioned between the various insurance companies involved creates a problem. To meet this problem, the majority of insurance companies have agreed to certain rules and principles. These principles override the actual wording of the policy so the insured is indemnified with least difficulty.
H
Habitation
Dwelling place; residence.
Hazard
- A risk or probability that the event insured against might occur.
- Condition which engenders or increases the chances of a loss.
Hazard, Physical
A hazard arising from physical condition or characteristics of the object that is insured, e.g. using and storing volatile materials and substances on the premises.
Highway Traffic Act
The body or system of laws which govern the obligations of the provincial governments and users of roads. A breach or conviction of any of these laws may be an offence but does not of itself impose legal liability, but it may be relied upon in any proceeding to establish or negate any liability.
Hit and Run Accident
Collision between motor vehicles and/or a motor vehicle and another object and/or a motor vehicle and a pedestrian where a driver leaves the scene of the accident without identifying him/herself. This is an offence under the Highway Traffic Act.
Holdup
The taking of money or property by threat or the use of force or violence.
Homeowners Policy
A multi-peril insurance policy for dwelling risks, combining coverages for fire, and extended coverages, including theft and liability.
Hostile Fire
A fire which occurs in or escapes to a place not anticipated, e.g., a fire in a fireplace becomes uncontrollable and ignites something externally. See Friendly Fire.
I
Improvements and Betterments
Additions or changes to rented premises by a tenant at his/her own expense. Also called Tenant's Improvements.
Incendiary
Malicious setting on fire or preparing, providing and setting the means for fire to start.
Inception
The date and time on which coverage under an insurance policy takes effect.
Indemnify
To provide compensation for loss or expenses incurred.
Indemnity Period
The policy period.
Independent Adjuster
One who adjusts losses on behalf of insurance companies, but is not employed by any one insurance company.
Inflammable
Easily set on fire.
In Force
Insurance policy which is in effect, and has not expired or been cancelled.
Inherent Vice
The quality that something has to deteriorate or damage itself without outside help, e.g., milk sours; coal combusts spontaneously.
Insurable Interest
An interest which the insured must have in the subject matter of the insurance he buys so that if the event insured against occurs, the insured will suffer a pecuniary loss.
Insurance
A contract in which one party, the insurer, for monetary consideration agrees to reimburse another, the insured, for loss or liability for a loss on a defined subject caused by specified hazards or perils.
Insurance Bureau of Canada (IBC)
The trade association of the Property/Casualty insurance industry in Canada. It concerns itself with such matters as public relations, collection of statistics, promulgation of forms etc. It has a substantial permanent staff but also many committees made up of volunteers from the senior ranks of insurance companies.
Insurance Crime Prevention Bureau (I.C.P.B.)
An organization supported by property and casualty insurers which investigates fraudulent insurance claims and provides deterrent to such losses. Loss prevention information is maintained by the bureau for use by member insurers, independent claims adjusters and government authorities across the country.
Insurance Institute of Canada (I.I.C.)
The educational body of the general insurance industry. It consists of an association of provincial institutes. Among other things, it conducts correspondence courses, holds annual examinations and grants diplomas.
Insurance Policy
A written contract of insurance.
Insured
The entity (individual or otherwise) whose risk of financial loss from an insured peril is protected by the insurance policy.
Insurer
The company providing the insurance coverage.
Insuring Clause
Describes the intent of the policy, just what insurance coverage is provided by the policy and in what limits.
Intermediary
- The agent/broker negotiating insurance or reinsurance contracts for another.
- Any party representing another party in negotiation with a third party.
Inventory
Itemized list of goods and property on hand.
J
Joint and Several Liability Clause
This exists when the situation is such that a creditor in the case can sue any one of the debtors individually, or any, several or all of them, at the creditor's option. This situation applies to tortfeasors, as well as to commercial debtors. Persons who together commit a tort and injure another person generally would be jointly and severally liable for the damage. An injured person has the option of suing the entire group or of suing the one having the greatest financial strength.
Judgement
- An order given by a Court.
- A debt resulting from a Court Order.
Jurisprudence
Common law, being based partly on decisions made in previous cases and quotations from these earlier cases, supports the decision that should be reached in any particular case presently before the Court. These previously decided cases are known as jurisprudence.
Jury
A body of persons selected from the general populace sworn to hear evidence in a law case and to make a decision according to their findings.
L
Lapse
An insurance policy which, having reached its expiry date, is not renewed or extended is said to have lapsed.
Latent Defect
A defect which is not apparent. A hidden defect.
Lease
A contract by which one party, called the lessor, conveys to another, called the lessee, real estate, equipment or facilities for a specified term and for a specified rent.
Legal Liability
Liability imposed by law on individuals or corporations to pay for harm done to others. Such law may be the common law, statute law or customs which over a period of time have taken on the same status as law. Legal liability may also be assumed under the terms of a contract.
Lessee
One that holds real or personal property under a lease, e.g., a tenant of rented premises.
Lessor
One that conveys property by lease, e.g., a landlord of rented premises.
Liability Insurance
Insurance which agrees to indemnify the insured for sums he may be required by law to pay to third parties as damages for bodily injury or damage to property.
Liability Limits
The maximum amount of insurance provided under a policy of liability insurance. There may be different limits for bodily injury and property damage, or, more commonly, a single amount for all claims for bodily injury or property damage arising from one accident or occurrence.
Policies providing cover for claims arising from products manufactured by the insured or arising from his completed operations generally contain a further "aggregate limit" applicable to these, imposing a maximum for all claims occurring during the course of a single year.
Claims handling and adjusting expenses, costs of legal defense and prejudgment interest are normally payable in addition to the liability limits stated in the policy.
Libel Insurance
Insurance against claims arising from alleged libel, slander, defamation of character, etc. Principally written for the protection of those engaged in the publishing or advertising fields, as well as TV or radio broadcasters. Also provided as an extension to a liability policy as part of "personal injury" cover, which also includes false arrest, malicious prosecution and wrongful eviction.
Lien
A charge upon real or personal property as security for some debt or duty. Also, the security interest created by a mortgage. The conditions of an insurance policy require the disclosure to the insurer of any existing lien on the insured property.
Like Kind and Quality (LKQ)
Refers to replacement of damaged, destroyed or lost property with used property of similar type and condition.
Limit of Liability
The maximum amount, as stated in the policy, which an insurer is bound to pay in case of a loss. See also Liability Limits.
Livestock Insurance
Insurance against loss (death) of horses, cattle, hogs, sheep, dogs, etc. owned by the insured. The coverage can be on an all risk or a specified perils basis and includes loss by theft. The insurance is usually written by specialist livestock insurers.
Loss
A word often used in place of the word "claim". It refers to the amount an insurer must pay because one of the possibilities of loss insured against under a policy has happened.
Loss of Use Insurance
Cover against expenses incurred as a result of damage to the property insured, resulting in the need to replace the property on a temporary basis. In automobile insurance this might refer to the cost of a rental car while the insured vehicle is under repair as the result of an accident. In a homeowner's policy it might refer to additional living expense when the insured premises are rendered uninhabitable by an insured peril.
Loss Payable Clause
A policy clause providing, at the direction of the insured, that in the event of a loss, payment shall be made to an interested party other than the insured, e.g., a mortgagee.
M
Malicious Mischief
Injury to the rights or property of another with a wicked or perverse intent.
Malpractice
A performance by a professional which is deficient in skill from what might ordinarily be expected of a professional person. The standard of performance to which a professional person will be held is necessarily higher than the standard which an unskilled person would be expected to display.
Manufacturer's and Contractor's Liability Policy
A policy which provides coverage against the liability arising from the ownership of property or the carrying out of operations. This type of policy does not provide any coverage with respect to the hazards of products or completed operations.
Market Value
The value of an asset based on a current market valuation, e.g., the amount for which the item could be sold on the open market.
Masonry Construction
A form of construction identified by self-supporting walls of masonry, e.g., brick, stone, or hollow concrete block, but with floors and roofs which may be constructed of combustible materials, usually wood.
Material Fact
Something affecting a contract of insurance that is important enough to change the agreement between the company and the policyholder. Material facts must be disclosed if asked about. Failure to do so may result in a voiding of the policy involved. An exception to this general rule is that, with respect to ocean marine insurance, all material facts must be disclosed whether the insurer asks the appropriate question or not.
Medical Payments Insurance
A provision in an insurance policy to pay certain specified medical expenses of others, irrespective of the insured's legal liability.
Mercantile Risk
Hazard or peril of a merchant in selling his stock of goods.
Merchandise
Those goods which a commercial enterprise ordinarily sells to its customers.
Merit Rating
A system of rating in which the loss experience of a particular risk is a factor in determining the rate for that risk.
Minor
A person under the age of being legally capable of transacting business on his own behalf.
Misrepresentation
An incorrect statement made about a material fact. Misrepresentation can be innocent, e.g., arising from an oversight; fraudulent (in other words, a deliberate untruth with intent to deceive) or the result of extreme carelessness where a statement is made without regard to whether it is true or false. When a misrepresentation is discovered, the insurer may either continue the contract or treat the contract as void with a full return of any premiums paid. In order for the insurer to successfully treat a policy as void, the misrepresented fact must be material to the risk.
Money and Securities (Broad Form) Rider
A broad form of policy protecting against loss of money or securities. There is no coverage for losses caused by, among other things, employee infidelity.
Moral Hazard
Danger of loss arising from the nature of the insured rather than from the physical nature of the risk. This would encompass those instances where the chance of loss is increased by an insured's carelessness, incompetence, recklessness, indifference to loss, or an insured's fraudulent nature.
Mortgage Clause
A clause in an insurance policy which stipulates the rights and obligations of the insurer and the mortgagee. The main characteristics of this clause are that the mortgagee is granted protection in the event of loss that is denied due to the actions of the insured (provided that the mortgagee was not aware of the insured's wrongful action) and, in return, the mortgagee accepts responsibility to advise the insurer of any misrepresentation or change in risk of which the mortgagee is aware.
Multiperil Policy
A policy which is a combination of fire and casualty (or fire, casualty and inland marine coverages) in a single contract, such as the homeowner's policy.
Mutual Insurance Company
An insurance company which is owned by its policyholders, who formed an association for the purposes of insuring one another against the possibility of fortuitous loss. Each policyholder pays a premium for his or her own policy. If at the end of the fiscal year the mutual insurance company declares a profit, the profit is shared amongst all the policyholders. If the company declares a loss there is also provision for the policyholders to be assessed a levy to make up for this shortfall.
Mysterious Disappearance
The disappearance of insured property in an unexplained manner. For example, if a ring is left in a public place and the owner returns later to find the ring gone, it is reasonable to assume that the ring has been stolen. However, there is no direct evidence that this is in fact what happened. This would be an example of mysterious disappearance.
N
Named Insured
The person or party designated in the policy as the insured, as opposed to someone who may be covered by the policy but is not specifically named.
Named Peril Policy
A policy in which the perils insured against are listed, as opposed to one which insures against "all risk".
Natural Disaster
A disaster caused by the elements, such as flood, earthquake, tornado, lightning, etc.
Negligence
Failure to use the degree of care expected from a reasonable and prudent person.
No Fault
The term used to describe a system for improving the compensatory process for automobile accident victims by eliminating costly and lengthy litigation. Simply it means paying certain claims without reference to who was at fault.
Non-combustible
Materials, no part of which will ignite and burn when subjected to fire.
Non-disclosure
A contract of insurance is based on utmost good faith. An applicant for insurance is required to disclose to the company all material facts which are necessary to underwrite a policy. If the applicant does not disclose all these facts, he/she is guilty of non-disclosure and may risk having coverage voided from inception.
Non-insurable Risk
A risk for which no insurance can be written. The chance of loss is very high or cannot be accurately measured.
Non-owned Automobile Insurance
A policy which protects the insured against third party claims arising out of some other person using their own vehicle in the business of the insured.
Non-valued Policy
A policy is valued when it promises to pay its face value in case of total destruction, irrespective of the value of the insured property. In other words, the value is agreed upon in advance. Used only for certain classes of property such as fine arts or ocean marine. Ordinary policies do not contain agreement and are therefore "non-valued".
Notary Public
A person (usually a lawyer) appointed by the provincial Lieutenant-Governor with the power of drawing and keeping Deeds and of attesting protests of dishonoured negotiable instruments. This person is also a Commissioner of Oaths before whom affidavits are sworn.
Notice of Loss
The conditions of the insurance policy require that any person sustaining a loss insured by the policy shall immediately give notice to the company of such loss. Failure to give notice as required has been held to be a bar against recovery. The notice is required to be in writing and verbal notice to the agent or broker will not be sufficient to comply with the condition.
Notice of Termination
The conditions of insurance policies stipulate how a policy may be terminated during its term. For example, a policy may be terminated by the insured at any time or by the insurer, who must give the insured a certain number of days' notice of termination by registered mail or a certain lesser number of days' written notice of termination personally delivered.
Null and Void
Of no legal or binding force; invalid.
O
Obsolescence
Impairment of desirability and usefulness brought about by changes in public preference or by forces in addition to those which cause deterioration. Functional obsolescence refers to impairment of functional capacity or efficiency. Economic obsolescence refers to impairment of desirability or utility arising from economic forces such as changes in highest and best land use, legislative enactments which restrict or impair property rights, and changes in supply/demand relationships.
Occupancy
Occupancy is the act of holding possession of property or premises. The term implies the use of the building for the purposes described in the policy, and no other. An occupied building has furnishings and/or people in it.
Occurrence
A happening or event. Liability policies are usually written on either an accident or occurrence basis. For coverage on an accident basis the loss or damage must be due to accident, whereas on an occurrence basis all that is required is the happening or the continual or repeated exposure to an unfavourable situation, neither intended nor expected to cause injury or damage. In reinsurance and insurance, it is also the grouping of related losses into a single loss situation.
Off Premises Clause
A provision in residential policies affording coverage on some of the household goods when away from the premises, within certain limits.
Operations
The business of an Insured or the type of business of an Insured.
Optional Settlement Clause
A clause in an insurance policy permitting the insured, under certain circumstances, to have a choice of benefits.
In accident and health policies the insured may have a choice of payment of various amounts as periodical indemnity for a certain period of time or a lump sum settlement of a pre-determined amount set out in the policy.
Other Insurance
Normally an insured must disclose to an insurance company from whom he is purchasing insurance, information about what insurance he already carries on the property.
As a matter of principle, the insured should also advise existing insurance carriers of new policies which he is taking out. This is an essential point in the matter of disclosure.
It is however frequently waived, as the more routine policies carry some such wording as "other concurrent insurance permitted without notice until required".
Outboard Motor Boat and Outboard Motor Policy
A class of inland marine insurance covering boats, motors and equipment for named perils (fire, collision and theft) or, at a higher premium, for all risks. Some policies include liability to cover for property damage to other vessels.
Overlapping Insurance
When two different kinds of policies cover the same loss, the insurance is said to be "overlapping". This does not mean, for example, when two fire insurance policies cover the same loss, which is called "contributing insurance." However, if an inland marine policy and a fire policy covered the same loss, they would be overlapping.
Owner's, Landlord's and Tenant's Liability
Liability insurance coverage which gives protection because of liability arising out of ownership, use or occupancy; operation or maintenance of buildings or premises.
P
Package Policy
Any insurance policy which covers two or more lines or types of insurance in the same policy.
Pair and Set Clause
Establishes that loss or damage to one of a pair or set of individual items does not represent the loss of the pair or set.
Partial Loss
A loss covered by an insurance policy where the property or the premises are not completely destroyed or rendered completely worthless.
Peril
The event that caused a loss covered by the policy, e.g. fire, windstorm.
Perjury
Giving false evidence or information while under oath.
Personal Auto Policy
Insurance policy issued to individuals covering risks arising out of the ownership or operation of a licensed automobile.
Personal Effects Floater
A policy covering personal effects, usually carried by tourists. Can be all risk or specified peril form. Covers worldwide but excludes coverage at the insured's residence.
Personal Injury Liabilty
Injury other than bodily injury arising out of defined causes which usually include false arrest or detention, malicious prosecution, wrongful entry or eviction, libel or slander or violation of a person's right to privacy other than in the course of advertising, broadcasting, television, publishing.
Personal Lines
Insurance for individuals and families, such as private passenger auto insurance and homeowners policies.
Personal Property
Legally, any property of an insured other than real property. More often used to refer to the personal property of family members insured under a homeowners policy.
Personal Property Floater (P.P.F.)
A Broad Form policy covering all personal property worldwide including at the insured's home, usually on an all risks basis.
Policy Conditions
Provisions which state the rights and duties of the insured or insurer.
Policy Limit
The maximum that the insurance company is obligated to pay in actual claims under an insurance policy. Certain additional costs may also need to be paid.
Policy Provisions
Statements contained in an insurance policy, which explain the benefits, conditions and other features of the insurance contract.
Policy Year
Period between anniversary dates.
Policyholder
An individual or other entity who owns an insurance policy. The Insured.
Pollution Exclusion
Standard general liability policies include an exclusion for loss arising out of pollution. For certain exposures this exclusion may be modified. e.g. "sudden and accidental" pollution, arising from a fire.
Power of Attorney
Authority given to one person or organization to act for and obligate another to the extent of the instrument creating the power.
Preferred Risk
Any risk considered to be better than the average risk on which the premium rate was based.
Premium
The price of insurance protection for a specified risk for a specified period of time.
Prescription
In law, a limitation of time within which legal action can be taken by a claimant. In insurance, the period of time in which a claim may be brought by the policyholder. Also Proscription.
Principle of Indemnity
The concept that an insured will be reimbursed for his loss (subject only to the policy limit and terms). If there is no loss there can be no indemnity.
Private Passenger Car
Four-wheeled motor vehicles of the private passenger, station wagon or van type, designed for use on public highways and subject to motor vehicle registration.
Product Liability
Liability insurance, generally for contractors, for products liability and for claims arising out of completed work.
Products & Completed Operations Insurance
Liability insurance, generally for contractors, for product liability and for claims arising out of completed work.
Professional Liability Insurance
Protects professionals against liability for damages and cost of defense based upon his/her alleged or real professional errors and omissions or mistakes, e.g., architects, engineers, medical malpractice, attorneys.
Proof of Loss
A formal statement made by a policy owner to an insurer regarding a loss. It is intended to give information to the insurer to enable it to determine the extent of its liability.
Property Damage Liability Insurance
Protection against liability for damage to the property of another, including loss of the use of the property.
Property Insurance
Covers an insured's property against damage, destruction or loss by a covered peril.
Pro Rata Cancellation
Cancellation of an insurance policy or bond with the return premium credit being the full proportion of premium for the unexpired term of the policy.
Proscription
Outside the time period in which legal action can be commenced. See also Prescription.
Protected
In fire insurance, a risk located in an area protected by a fire department.
Protection
Used interchangeably with "coverage" to denote insurance provided under the terms of a policy.
Proximate Cause
Cause of loss or damage. Unbroken chain of cause and effect between the occurrence of an insured peril and damage to property.
Punitive Damage
Damages in excess of those required to compensate the plaintiff for the wrong done, which are imposed in order to punish the defendant because of the particularly wanton or willful character of his wrongdoing.
Q
Quantum
Amount or quantity.
Quasi-Contract
An undertaking that is not a written contract but is an implied contract. In insurance it is most frequently found in reference to preservation of salvage.
Quotation (Quote)
The amount of premium that an insurer sets as the price to cover a particular risk.
R
Rate
The price for $100 or $1,000 of insurance, usually for one year, expressed in dollars and cents. Alternatively, the rate is the premium for a specified amount of insurance, for a specified time.
For some types of insurance in some jurisdictions legislation requires rates to be applied consistently to similar risks, and certain jurisdictions require regulatory approval of rates, e.g., auto.
In addition to policyholder premium rates, the industry commonly uses the term "rate" in reference to reinsurance premium rates, and to commission costs for both insurance and reinsurance.
Receiver
Person appointed to hold in trust and to administer property of insolvent companies.
Refund
A return to the policyholder of part of the paid premium, because of cancellation, suspension, reduction in insurance coverage, or rate reduction.
Registered Insurer
The registration of a reinsurer is significant in determining whether an insurer can obtain full credit with regulators for the transfer of insurance liabilities to a reinsurer. Any reinsurer not under the regulatory control of a Canadian insurance regulator (is not licensed) is deemed unregistered and the primary insurer must cover any liabilities transferred to this unregistered reinsurer.
Note:Registration (corporate), should not be confused with Licensing (operations).
Regulator
The federal, provincial or territorial government agency responsible for the control and regulation of the insurance industry under its jurisdiction.
Reinstatement
The reactivation of suspended or cancelled insurance. Restoration of full amount of insurance or reinsurance after a claim has been paid, with or without the payment of additional premium.
Release
A discharge from obligation or responsibility. To let go of, or give up a legal claim. The most common types in insurance are: First Party Release - between the insured and the insurance company. Third Party Release - between the insured and a third party. Indemnifying release - between the insured and a guardian for a minor or other person not legally competent.
Removal
The standard fire insurance policy insures against damage done in removing the insured property from the path of the fire or other insured peril (if loss is mitigated).
Removal also may mean the taking of property to some place other than that at which it was insured.
Renewal
A certificate which attests to the fact that an insurance policy has been extended for another term.
Renewal Premium
The premium for the new term of the policy.
Repairs
Generally an insurance policy will set out the conditions for an insured to effect repairs to insured property. Ordinary repairs are usually permitted without notice to the insurer.
Replacement
Most policies of insurance of property give the company the right to substitute other property of like kind and quality for insured property which has been damaged or destroyed. This is making a replacement.
Replacement Cost Clause
Applies generally to some fire insurance policies where a special cover may be purchased so that in the event of fire, repairs or replacement will be made with material of like kind without cost to the insured for depreciation or betterment.
Replacement Value
The cash value representing what it would cost to replace the particular article which is the subject of the insurance.
Representation
The acceptance or rejection of an insurance risk and the amount of premium that would be required is determined by information submitted by the person applying for such insurance.
Statements which would normally lead the company to decline the acceptance of a risk or to charge a much higher rate are material to the risk and are commonly considered "warranties".
All other statements, such as the insured's address, etc. are referred to as mere "representations" to distinguish them from the more important statements considered to be "warranties".
The penalty for false information on material facts or "warranties" may be voiding of the policy.
Rider
Another name for an endorsement.
Risk
The chance of loss. Specifically, the possible loss or destruction of property or the possible incurring of a liability. Sometimes refers to the subject of an insurance contract.
Robbery
The taking of another's property by force or threat of force.
S
Salvage
The remaining value of property after severe damage by fire or other peril. The overall loss is reduced by the salvage value. Undamaged property may be quite saleable and some property may be partially damaged, thus repairable and then saleable.
Schedule
- A comprehensive list accompanying a policy to detail the property, locations and amounts insured, and the applicable conditions.
- In rate-making, the formula applied to determine a rate.
Scheduled Property Floater
An inland marine form of policy specifically insuring various individual items. Articles of unusual value, provided they are movable, may normally be written this way and insured against many hazards, often against "all risks".
Seasonal Risk
- A risk occupied only part of the year, such as a summer dwelling.
- In manufacturing, it may be a plant operating seasonally, such as a cannery.
Self-insurer
A person, corporation or organization which assumes all or part of a risk itself rather than use an insurer, government departments often self-insure.
Settlement
An agreement between concerned parties. In insurance, the agreement is usually on the money changing hands to discharge an insurance claim.
Settlement Options
The alternatives offered to the insured or the insured's beneficiaries when settling a loss. Life insurance policies provide either a lump sum payment or a set annual amount for a fixed period. Accident and health policies usually provide for weekly benefits along with the payment of expenses as they occur, even though the disability may not last long enough to total the lump sum option.
Short Rate Cancellation
The cancellation by the insured of a policy before its natural expiration; the insurer pays a return premium which is less than the proportionate part that remains unearned.
Slander
The oral utterance or spreading of falsehood harmful to another's reputation. Libel is written; slander is spoken.
Smoke Damage
Essentially, the devaluation by smoke, not fire, of merchandise and property. Such damage is covered by the fire policy.
Special Damages
Actual loss from the natural, not the necessary, consequences of the subject of complaint; e.g., specific payments for medical bills or car repairs. In third party claims, it means the damages that may be proven with documents.
Special Multi-Peril Policy
This basic policy contains declarations, general provisions and definitions applicable to the four principal sections of coverage; property, liability, comprehensive crime, boiler and machinery. The particular coverage requirements for each are handled by separate forms attached to the basic contract.
Spontaneous Combustion
Self-ignition of combustible material through chemical action of its parts.
Sprinklered Risk
Property protected against fire by a system of overhead pipes with regularly spaced heads designed to melt at the heat of a fire, thus releasing water for extinguishment.
Statement of Claim
A written statement by a plaintiff detailing the facts which support the claim against the defendant and the relief sought.
Statement of Values
The information required when a single rate is to cover more than one item or building. To determine a correct average, the rating bureau requires the policyholder to give the value of each separate risk and its contents.
Statute
An act of the legislature. Common law is made up of the various court decisions over the years. Case law may be altered by statute.
Statute of Limitations
Law determining the period within which a specific legal action must be taken.
Statutory Conditions
Special prescribed and standardized conditions that the Provincial Insurance Acts require to be included in fire, automobile, and accident and sickness policies.
Stock
Merchandise intended for sale or manufacture, as distinguished from furnishings, fixtures or equipment.
Stock Company
A company owned by a series of investors or stockholders (shareholders) who assume the risks of profit or loss.
Storage
A term applied to articles or substances held for safekeeping. If storing of such articles is prohibited by a policy, the policy will be voided if loss consequently occurs, unless the company's permission and consent has been specially granted.
Structured Settlement
A financial package permitting a settlement to be paid in regular installments either for a fixed period or for the lifetime of the claimant. Because it is tailor-made for individual cases, the structure may also include some immediate payment to cover special damages. The payment is usually made through purchase of an annuity from a life insurance company.
Subcontractor
A trade contractor, such as a roofer who usually subcontracts with a general contractor.
Subrogation
Once a company has paid a loss for which someone other than the policyholder is responsible, it may have the right to recover this loss from the guilty party. This right is called subrogation.
Subscription Policy
A single policy covering a risk that is divided among a number of insurers; the policy is issued by the "lead" company (usually the one with the largest percentage) and signed by all participating companies.
Suit
A legal proceeding brought by one person against another.
Sum Insured
The amount for which insurance is effected and the one on which the premium is based. Often in life insurance, the term is "sum assured".
Superintendent Of Insurance
The chief officer of the government department which regulates insurance.
Surrender
Cancellation of a policy before its normal expiry by mutual consent of insured and insurer.
T
Tenant's Policy
A package policy specially designed to meet the normal insurance requirements of a private tenant, covering personal belongings and liabilities.
Term
The period of time from the inception to the termination of an insurance policy or bond.
Theft
The wrongful taking of the property of another. It is a broad term and includes larceny, pilfering, holdup, robbery and pickpocketing.
Third Party
A claimant under a liability policy, so called because he is not one of the two parties (insured and insurer) who have entered into the insurance contract which pays his claim.
Third Party Insurance
A fire policy insures the policyholder against loss or damage to his own property. When a policy insures a person against the liability he may incur to another for damages, it is "Third Party Insurance". The insured is indemnified with respect to any loss which he might suffer as a result of his legal liability to others arising out of the peril against which insurance is written.
Title
The right to ownership of property. The owner of real property having just possession of his property.
Tort
A legal wrong arising from a duty fixed by law. Breach of this duty causing injury to persons or property is repressible by legal action for damages. Liability for tort involves private or civil wrong or injury and is distinct from that under contract in that the duty is owed to people, generally, rather than to a specified individual.
Total Loss
Loss of all the insured property. Also a loss involving the maximum amount for which a policy is liable.
Trespass
An illegal act against another person's rights or property.
U
Umbrella Policy
A special form of liability policy designed to protect the insured for certain unknown contingencies over and above coverages and to provide excess insurance.
Umpire
A third person appointed to decide an arbitration.
Underwrite
To insure. More commonly, to scrutinize a risk and decide on its eligibility for insurance.
Underwriter
- The insurance company or group that underwrites or insures a particular risk.
- The individual within an insurance company whose responsibility it is to accept or reject business in the particular line in which he/she specializes and in this way chooses risks his/her principals are prepared to underwrite.
Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada (U.L.C.)
An organization financed by stock insurance companies whose purpose is fire prevention and safety. It provides testing laboratories for various manufactured items and approves those that are acceptable. Labels issued by the Underwriters' Laboratories are evidence to the public that the particular item meets the safety standards.
Unoccupied
Where the premises contain contents but no human beings, such persons being temporarily away from the premises, on vacation for example, the premises are said to be unoccupied. This is distinguishable from vacant in that in vacancy, the contents have been moved out, leaving nothing but the building.
Unprotected
A property located in an area not regularly serviced by a fire department.
Utmost Good Faith
A phrase in a legal document calling for the highest standards of integrity on the part of the insured and the insurer. See also Uberrimae Fidei.
V
Vacant Building
A building with no occupants or furnishings. See also Unoccupied.
Valuation
An estimate or the act of assessing of value. This will frequently be done through the process of an appraisal.
Valued Policy
A policy which provides that a special amount shall be paid in the event of a total loss of the property.
Vicarious Liability
Liability imposed upon a person even though not a party to a particular occurrence, e.g., the owner of a motor vehicle is vicariously responsible for injuries even though he is not driving the car at the time of the occurrence.
Void
- Invalid, not legally binding.
- An insurance contract that is prohibited by law and thus cannot be held to be a valid contract.
W
Waiting Period
The time which must elapse before an indemnity is paid.
Waiver
The intentional relinquishment of a known right. A waiver under a policy is required to be clearly expressed and in writing.
Warranty
A statement or stipulation in a contract, the breach of which nullifies the contract.
Warranty (Implied)
A warranty assumed to be a part of the insurance contract even though not expressly included.
Water Damage Clause
A portion of the policy affording coverage for certain specific causes of water damage.
Windstorm Insurance
Protection against damage done to property by unusually high winds, cyclones, tornadoes or hurricanes. This coverage is available under the extended coverage endorsement of property policy.
Without Prejudice
An action taken during claims negotiations that is designated as "without prejudice" is intended to be without detriment to the existing rights of the parties.
Writ
A Court document commanding the defendant to enter an appearance within a specified number of days should he wish to dispute the claimant's claim.